-
1 Coade, Eleanor
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 24 June 1733 Exeter, Devon, Englandd. 18 November 1821 Camberwell, London, England[br]English proprietor of the Coade Factory, making artificial stone.[br]Born Elinor Coade, she never married but adopted, as was customary in business in the eighteenth century, the courtesy title of Mrs. Following the bankruptcy and death of her father, George Coade, in Exeter, Eleanor and her mother (also called Eleanor) moved to London and founded the works at Lambeth, South London, in 1769 that later became famous as the Coade factory. The factory was located at King's Arms Stairs, Narrow Wall. During the eighteenth century, several attempts had been made in other businesses to manufacture a durable, malleable artificial stone that would be acceptable to architects for decorative use. These substances were not very successful, but Coade stone was different. Although stories are legion about the secret formula supposedly used in this artificial stone, modern methods have established the exact formula.Coade stone was a stoneware ceramic material fired in a kiln. The body was remarkable in that it shrank only 8 per cent in drying and firing: this was achieved by using a combination of china clay, sand, crushed glass and grog (i.e. crushed and ground, previously fired stoneware). The Coade formula thus included a considerable proportion of material that, having been fired once already, was unshrinkable. Mrs Coade's name for the firm, Coade's Lithodipyra Terra-Cotta or Artificial Stone Manufactory (where "Lithodipyra" is a term derived from three Greek words meaning "stone", "twice" and "fire"), made reference to the custom of including such material (such as in Josiah Wedgwood's basalt and jasper ware). The especially low rate of shrinkage rendered the material ideal for making extra-life-size statuary, and large architectural, decorative features to be incorporated into stone buildings.Coade stone was widely used for such purposes by leading architects in Britain and Ireland from the 1770s until the 1830s, including Robert Adam, Sir Charles Barry, Sir William Chambers, Sir John Soane, John Nash and James Wyatt. Some architects introduced the material abroad, as far as, for example, Charles Bulfinch's United States Bank in Boston, Massachusetts, and Charles Cameron's redecoration for the Empress Catherine of the great palace Tsarkoe Selo (now Pushkin), near St Petersburg. The material so resembles stone that it is often mistaken for it, but it is so hard and resistant to weather that it retains sharpness of detail much longer than the natural substance. The many famous British buildings where Coade stone was used include the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, Carlton House and the Sir John Soane Museum (all of which are located in London), St George's Chapel at Windsor, Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, and Culzean Castle in Ayrshire, Scotland.Apart from the qualities of the material, the Coade firm established a high reputation for the equally fine quality of its classical statuary. Mrs Coade employed excellent craftsmen such as the sculptor John Bacon (1740–99), whose work was mass-produced by the use of moulds. One famous example which was widely reproduced was the female caryatid from the south porch of the Erechtheion on the acropolis of Athens. A drawing of this had appeared in the second edition of Stuart and Revett's Antiquities of Athens in 1789, and many copies were made from the original Coade model; Soane used them more than once, for example on the Bank of England and his own houses in London.Eleanor Coade was a remarkable woman, and was important and influential on the neo-classical scene. She had close and amicable relations with leading architects of the day, notably Robert Adam and James Wyatt. The Coade factory was enlarged and altered over the years, but the site was finally cleared during 1949–50 in preparation for the establishment of the 1951 Festival of Britain.[br]Further ReadingA.Kelly, 1990, Mrs Coade's Stone, pub. in conjunction with the Georgian Group (an interesting, carefully written history; includes a detailed appendix on architects who used Coade stone and buildings where surviving work may be seen).DY
См. также в других словарях:
Coade stone — Father Thames, a Coade stone sculpture by John Bacon, in the grounds of Ham House Lithodipyra (Stone fired twice Ancient Greek (λίθος/δίς/πυρά)), or Coade stone, was ceramic stoneware that was often described as an artificial stone in the late… … Wikipedia
Eleanor Coade — Born 3 June 1733(1733 06 03) Exeter, Devon, England Died 16 November 1821(1821 11 16) (aged 88) Camberwell, London, England Resting place … Wikipedia
Pierre de Coade — Father Thames, un sculpture en pierre de Coade par John Bacon, devant Ham House à Londres. La pierre de Coade est une céramique qui a été décrite comme une pierre artificielle. Elle est fabriquée et commercialisée par Eleanor Coade, (1733 1821),… … Wikipédia en Français
Eleanor Coade — Belmont House, Lyme Regis, Dorset, avec des décorations en pierre de Coade. Eleanor Coade (ou Elinor Coade), (24 juin 1733 18 novembre 1821), est une femme d affaires britannique, connu pour la fabrication et la… … Wikipédia en Français
Cast stone — is defined as “a refined architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications”. In the UK and Europe cast stone is defined as “any material manufactured with aggregate and cementitious … Wikipedia
Victoria and Albert Museum — Coordinates: 51°29′48″N 0°10′19″W / 51.496667°N 0.171944°W / 51.496667; 0.171944 … Wikipedia
William F. Woodington — William Frederick Woodington (10 February 1806 24 December 1893) was a notable English painter and sculptor of the 19th century.He was born in Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire (possibly at the ThreeTuns in High Street), and was articled at the age… … Wikipedia
Stockbridge, Edinburgh — Stockbridge is an area of Edinburgh, located towards the north of the city, bounded by the New Town and by Comely Bank. The name is Scots stock brig from Anglic stocc brycg , meaning a timber bridge, in particular, a footbridge. Originally a… … Wikipedia
Toorak College, Mt Eliza — Infobox Aust school private name = Toorak College, Mt Eliza motto = la. In Labore Quies (Latin: In work is the true rest of life ) established = 1874cite web|url = http://services.ais.vic.edu.au/ebiz/customerservice/schooldetails.aspx?ID=184|title… … Wikipedia
Cottesbrooke — Coordinates: 52°21′18″N 0°57′59″W / 52.3551°N 0.9663°W / 52.3551; 0.9663 … Wikipedia
Burghley House — Infobox UKproperty property name = Burghley House imgage name = Burghley1.jpg image size = 200px caption = Façade of Burghley House type = Stately Home NT/EH/RHS = Cecil family area = main = Grade I listed House other = Landscaped gardens public… … Wikipedia
